1. Offering Choices

2. Thinking About Design and Usability

3. Slowing the Pace of Innovation

4. Returning to the Icons

5. Choosing the Classical Desktop

6. Retreating from Mobile Interfaces

7. Making Customization the First Priority

8. Back to Basics

Commands For Beginners

• Show all files in current directory
ls
• Show all files in a directory /mydir/some/path
  
  ls /mydir/some/path
  
• Display details of all file in the list 
  ls -l
• Display all hidden files as well (including the files name start with a do )
  ls -a
• Display all file that have names starting with my
  
  ls my*

• Go to the home directory of logged in user
  cd
• Go to a specific directory named /mydir/some/path
  cd /mydire/some/path

• Copy a file name file1 with name file2
  cp file1 file2
• Copy the directory name dir1 to dir2
  cp -r dir1 dir2

• Create a directory named mydirecory
  mkdir mydirectory
• Create 3 directories name dir1, dir2 and dir3
  mkdir dir1 dir2 dir3

• Show help for ls command 
  man ls
• Show help for grep command 
  man grep

System Information

• Display current date
  date
• Set current system date to "June 20, 1985, 5:27 PM"
  
  date 0620172785

• Display disk usage by each file in Documents directory
  du -h Documents
• Display disk usage by the whole Documents direcotry 
  du – sh Documents

• Display all top running processes
  top
• Display all top running processes from user fromdev 
  top -U fromdev

• Display all running process status for current user
  ps
• Display the list of all running processes on system with their status.
  ps -al

File Operations

• Watch running content of a logfile name logfile1 
  tail -f logfile1
• Display last 100 lines of a file name myfile
  tail -100 myfile

• Find a file myfile.txt in current directory and its subdirectories. 
  find . -name “myfile.txt”
• Find all files in Documents directory that are larger that 25MB in size
  find . -size +25M -exec du -h {} \;
• Find all .doc files on the system that have been modified in the last 5 days.
  find . –name “*.doc” –mtime -5
• Find all .txt files on the system that were modified in last 15 minutes
  find . –name “*.txt” –mmin -15
• Find all files that contain a string “I am inside file”.
  find . -name "*" -exec grep -i -H "I am inside file" {} \;

• Search for a specific string “myname” in a file myfile.txt
  grep “myname” myfile.txt
• Search for a specific string “myname” with ignoring the case in a file myfile.txt
  grep -i “myname” myfile.txt
• Search for a specific string “myname” in a all files in current directory
  grep “myname” *
• Search for full word “myword” in a file myfile.txt
  grep -w “myword” myfile.txt
• Search a string “myname” in all files in all subdirectories recursively 
  grep -r “myname” *

• Provide execute permission on a file myfile.txt to all users
  chmod +x myfile.txt
• Provide read permission on a file myfile.txt to all users
  chmod +r myfile.txt
• Provide full permissions (read/write/execute) on a file myfile.txt to yourself but everyone else has only read and execute
  chmod 755 myfile.txt
• Provide full permissions (read/write/execute) on a file myfile.txt to everyone
  chmod 777 myfile.txt

Other Useful Commands

• Copy content of file1 to file2
  cat file1 > file2
• Append content of file1 to file2
  cat file1>>file2
• Create a new file myfile.txt with text “some text” 
  echo “some text” > myfile.txt

• Display live occurrence of text “myname” in a file myfile.log
  
  tail -f myfile.logs | grep “myname”
• Count the number of lines in a file myfile1 
  cat myfile1 | wc -l
• Find all running java processes on a system
  ps -aef | grep “java”
• Find all .txt files containing text “myname” 
  find . -name “*.txt” | xargs grep “myname”